List of Important Articles Indian Constitution[PDF 2024] for SSC & other Competitive Exams



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List of Important Articles of Indian Constitution[PDF Compilation]

Table of Contents

PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

PartSubjectArticles
Part IThe union & Its TerritoryArticle 1 – 4
Part IICitizenshipArticle 5 – 11
Part IIIFundamental RightsArticle 12 – 35
Part IVDirective PrinciplesArticle 36 – 51
Part IVAFundamental DutiesArticle 51A
Part VThe UnionArticle 52 – 151
Part VIThe StatesArticle 152 – 237
Part VIIThe States In Part B of the First ScheduleRepealed By Constitution (7th Amendment) Act .1956
Part VIIIThe Union TerritoriesArticle 239 – 242
Part IXThe PanchayatsArticle 243 – 243O
Part IXAThe MunicipalitiesArticle 243 P – 243ZG
Part XThe Scheduled and Tribal AreasArticle 244 – 244A
Part XIRelations between the Union And The StatesArticle 245 – 263
Part XIIFinance,Property,Contracts and SuitsArticle 264 – 300A
Part XIIITrade , Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory Of IndiaArticle 301 – 307
Part XIVService Under the Union and the StatesArticle 308 – 323
Part XIVATribunalsArticle 323A –  323B
Part XVElectionsArticle 324 – 329(329A -Repealed)
Part XVISpecial Provisions Relating to Certain ClassesArticle 330 – 342
Part XVIIOfficial LanguageArticle 343 – 351
Part XVIIIEmergency provisionsArticle 352-360(359A-Repealed)
Part XIXMiscellaneousArticle 361 – 367 (362-Repealed)
Part XXAmendment of the ConstitutionArticle 368
Part XXITemporary Transitional and Special ProvisionsArticle 369 – 392(379-391 Repealed)
Part XXIIShort Title,Commencement,Authoritative Text in Hindi and RepealsArticle 393 – 395



     ARTICLES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

        Part I : The union & Its Territory ( Article 1- 4 )

ArticleImportance
1Name and territory of the Union
2Admission or establishment of new States
2ARepealed
3Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
4Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters

 Part II : Citizenship  ( Article 5 – 11)

ArticleImportance
5Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
6Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
7Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
9Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.



 Part III : Fundamental Rights  ( Article 12 – 35 )

ArticleImportance
General
12Definition.
13Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights
Right to Equality
14Equality before law.
15Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
16Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17Abolition of Untouchability
18Abolition of titles
Right to Freedom
19Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21Protection of life and personal liberty.
21 ARight to education
22Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Right against Exploitation
23Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc
Right to Freedom of Religion
25Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26Freedom to manage religious affairs
27Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights
29Protection of interests of minorities.
30Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
31Repealed
Saving of Certain Laws
31ASaving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31BValidation of certain Acts and Regulations
31CSaving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
31DRepealed
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
32ARepealed
33Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc
34Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area
35Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.



  Part IV : Directive Principles  ( Article 36-51 )

ArticleImportance
36Definition
37Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
39Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39AEqual justice and free legal aid
40Organisation of village panchayats
41Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
42Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43Living wage, etc., for workers.
43AParticipation of workers in management of industries.
44Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections
47Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
48Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
48AProtection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
49Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50Separation of judiciary from executive
51Promotion of international peace and security.

  Part IVA  : Fundamental Duties (Article  51A )

ArticleImportance
51AFundamental duties



    Part V : The Union (Article 52 -151)

ArticleImportance
     Chapter : I   The Executive
The President and Vice-President
52The President of India
53Executive power of the Union.
54Election of President.
55Manner of election of President
56Term of office of President.
57Eligibility for re-election.
58Qualifications for election as President.
59Conditions of President’s office.
60Oath or affirmation by the President.
61Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
63The Vice-President of India
64The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President
66Election of Vice-President
67Term of office of Vice-President
68Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
69Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
70Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies
71Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
75Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Attorney-General for India
76Attorney-General for India.
Conduct of Government Business
77Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc
  Chapter II : Parliament
General
79Constitution of Parliament
80Composition of the Council of States
81Composition of the House of the People.
82Readjustment after each census
83Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
87Special address by the President
88Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses
Officers of Parliament
89The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
93The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
94Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
96The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
98Secretariat of Parliament
Conduct of Business
99Oath or affirmation by members
100Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101Vacation of seats.
102Disqualifications for membership.
103Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106.Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
107Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110Definition of “Money Bills”
111Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112Annual financial statement.
113Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114Appropriation Bills.
115Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118Rules of procedure
119Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120Language to be used in Parliament.
121Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
Chapter III : Legislative Powers Of The President
123Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
  Chapter IV : The Union Judiciary
124Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125Salaries, etc., of Judges
126Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129.Supreme Court to be a court of record
130Seat of Supreme Court
131Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
131ARepealed
132Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases
133.Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters
134Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
134ACertificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139ATransfer of certain cases.
140Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144ARepealed
145Rules of Court, etc.
146Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147Interpretation
 Chapter V : Comptroller  And Auditor-General Of India
148Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
150Form of accounts of the Union and of the States
151Audit reports.



              PART VI : THE STATES(152 – 237)

ArticleImportance
 Chapter I : General
152Definition.
  Chapter II : The Executive
The Governor
153Governors of States.
154Executive power of State
155Appointment of Governor.
156Term of office of Governor.
157Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158Conditions of Governor’s office
159Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
161Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
162Extent of executive power of State
Council of Ministers
163Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164Other provisions as to Ministers The Advocate-General for the State
165Advocate-General for the State.Conduct of Government Business
166Conduct of business of the Government of a State
167Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
  Chapter III : The State Legislature
General
168Constitution of Legislatures in States
169Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172Duration of State Legislatures.
173Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
174Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176177.Special address by the Governor.Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses
Officers of the State Legislature
178The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
181.The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
182The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
187Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188Oath or affirmation by members.
189Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190Vacation of seats
191Disqualifications for membership.
192Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193.Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified
Powers, privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195.Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
196.Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
197Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199.Definition of “Money Bills”
200Assent to Bills.
201Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202Annual financial statement.
203Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204Appropriation Bills.
205Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
208Rules of procedure.
209Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
210.Language to be used in the Legislature
211Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212.Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature
  Chapter IV : Legislative Power Of The  Governor
213Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
 Chapter V : The High Courts In The States
214High Courts for States.
215High Courts to be courts of record.
216Constitution of High Courts.
217Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
224AAppointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
226ARepealed
227Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
228ARepealed
229Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
   Chapter VI : Subordinate Courts
233.Appointment of district judges
233AValidation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235Control over subordinate courts.
236Interpretation.
237Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

 PART VII : THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE(Repealed)

ArticleImportance
238Repealed

PART VIII : THE UNION TERRITORIES (239 – 242)

ArticleImportance
239Administration of Union territories
239ACreation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories
239ASpecial provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AAProvision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239ABPower of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241High Courts for Union territories.
242Repealed

                              PART IX : THE PANCHAYATS(243 – 243O)

ArticleImportance
243Definitions.
243AGram Sabha.
243BConstitution of Panchayats.
243CComposition of Panchayats.
243DReservation of seats.
243EDuration of Panchayats, etc
243FDisqualifications for membership.
243GPowers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243HPowers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-IConstitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243JAudit of accounts of Panchayat
243KElections to the Panchayats.
243LApplication to Union territories.
243MPart not to apply to certain areas.
243NContinuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-OBar to interference by courts in electoral matters.



PART IXA : THE MUNICIPALITIES (243P – 243ZG)

ArticleImportance
243PDefinitions.
243QConstitution of Municipalities.
243RComposition of Municipalities.
243SConstitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243TReservation of seats.
243U.Duration of Municipalities, etc
243VDisqualifications for membership.
243WPowers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X..Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities
243Finance Commission.
243ZAudit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZAElections to the Municipalities.
243ZBApplication to Union territories.
243ZCPart not to apply to certain areas.
243ZECommittee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZFContinuance of existing laws and Municipalities
243ZGBar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

PART X : THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS(244 – 244A)

ArticleImportance
244Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244AFormation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

PART XI : RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES(245 – 263)

ArticleImportance
CHAPTER I : LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248Residuary powers of legislation.
249Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250.Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
251Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
            CHAPTER II : ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256Obligation of States and the Union.
257Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257ARepealed
258Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258APower of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259Repealed
260Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.Co-ordination between States
263Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.




PART XII : FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS(264 – 300A)

ArticleImportance
CHAPTER I : FINANCE
General
264Interpretation.
265Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272Repealed
273Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274.Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested
275Grants from the Union to certain States.
276Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277Savings.
278Repealed.
279Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
280Finance Commission.
281Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290AAnnual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291Repealed
CHAPTER II : BORROWING
292Borrowing by the Government of India.
293Borrowing by States.
CHAPTER III : PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298Power to carry on trade, etc.
299Contracts.
300Suits and proceedings
CHAPTER IV : RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300APersons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

    PART XIII : TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA(301 – 307) 

ArticleImportance
301.Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
302Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306Repealed
307Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304



PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES(308 – 323)

ArticleImportance
CHAPTER I : SERVICES
308Interpretation.
309Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312All-India services.
312APower of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
313Transitional provisions
314Repeated
CHAPTER II : PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316Appointment and term of office of members.
317Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323Reports of Public Service Commissions.


PART XIVA : TRIBUNALS(323A – 323B)

ArticleImportance
323AAdministrative tribunals
323BTribunals for other matters

PART XV : ELECTIONS(324 – 329)

ArticleImportance
324Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329ARepealed

PART XVI : SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES(330 – 342)

ArticleImportance
330Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338ANational Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes
340Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341Scheduled Castes.
342Scheduled Tribes.



PART XVII : OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (343 – 351)

ArticleImportance
CHAPTER I : LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343Official language of the Union.
344Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
CHAPTER II : REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345Official language or languages of a State.
346Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
CHAPTER III : LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348.Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc
349Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
CHAPTER IV : SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
350Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350AFacilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350BSpecial Officer for linguistic minorities.
351Directive for development of the Hindi language.

PART XVIII : EMERGENCY PROVISIONS(352 – 360)

ArticleImportance
352Proclamation of Emergency.
353Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354.Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
355Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359.Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies
359ARepealed
360Provisions as to financial emergency.



PART XIX : MISCELLANEOUS(361 – 367)

ArticleImportance
361Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukh.
361AProtection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361BDisqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362Repealed
363Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363ARecognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
364Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366Definitions.
367Interpretation.

 PART XX : AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION (368)

ArticleImportance
368Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

PART XXI : TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS(369 – 392)

ArticleImportance
369Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371ASpecial provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B.Special provision with respect to the State of Assam
371CSpecial provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371DSpecial provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371EEstablishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371FSpecial provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371GSpecial provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371HSpecial provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-ISpecial provision with respect to the State of Goa.
372.Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation
372APower of the President to adapt laws.
373Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
378ASpecial provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391Repealed
392Power of the President to remove difficulties.



PART XXII : SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS (393 – 395)

ArticleImportance
393Short title
394Commencement
394AAuthoritative text in the Hindi language.
395Repeals.

Schedules of Indian Constitution

SchedulesDescription
First ScheduleI – The States.II. – The Union territories.
Second SchedulePART A –  Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.
PART B – Repealed
PART C –   Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of   the House of  the    People   and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of   the Council   of      States   and   the  Speaker  and  the  Deputy Speaker  of  the   Legislative Assembly and the Chairman  and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative  Council of a State
PART D – Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
PART E – Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
Third ScheduleForms of Oaths or Affirmations.
Fourth ScheduleAllocation of seats in the Council of States.
Fifth ScheduleProvisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled  Areas and Scheduled TribesPART A – General.
PART B – Administration and  Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
PART C – Scheduled Areas.
PART D – Amendment of the Schedule.
Sixth ScheduleProvisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule     List I – Union List.
List II –  State List.
List III – Concurrent List.
Eighth ScheduleList of Recognised Languages
Ninth ScheduleValidation of certain Acts and Regulations.
Tenth ScheduleProvisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
Eleventh SchedulePowers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Twelfth SchedulePowers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.

BORROWED FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The given below are the borrowed features of Indian Constitution from other countries :

From U.K.

  • Nominal Head – President (like Queen)
  • Cabinet System of Ministers
  • Post of PM
  • Parliamentary Type of Govt.
  • Bicameral Parliament
  • Lower House more powerful
  • Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House
  • Speaker in Lok Sabha

From U.S.

  • Written Constitution
  • Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
  • Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
  • Fundamental Rights
  • Supreme Court
  • Provision of States
  • Independence of Judiciary and judicial review
  • Preamble
  • Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges

From USSR

  • Fundamental Duties
  • Five year Plan

From AUSTRALIA

  • Concurrent list
  • Language of the preamble
  • Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse

From JAPAN

  • Law on which the Supreme Court function

From WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY

  • Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency

From CANADA

  • Scheme of federation with a strong centre
  • Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre

From IRELAND

  • Concept of Directive Principles of State’s Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)
  • Method of election of President
  • Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President

From SOUTH AFRICA

  • Amendment Of the Indian Constitution





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